Readings for Saturday, November 30, 2024
Toldot (variously:
“Generations,” “Descendants,” or “Offspring”)
25:19-28:9 Bereshit (Genesis)
Toldot is the sixth sedrah in Bereshit (Genesis). The sedrah takes its name from the second Hebrew word in the first sentence of the reading, “And these are the generations (Toldot) of Isaac.…”
We have completed the Abraham Cycle and are preparing for the Jacob Cycle. Toldot is properly described as the Isaac Sedrah. It divides into three major sections:
·
The
birth and early years of Isaac’s sons;
·
A
summary of Isaac’s adult life; and
· Isaac’s blessing of Jacob and Esau.
This is, to say the least, one of the most morally ambiguous portions in the Torah. It raises a number of questions about family life, pre-destination and the ends justifying the means.
The Birth and Early Years of Isaac’s
Sons 25:19-34
At the end of last week’s Sedrah we read “And these are the generations of Ishmael, the son of Abraham.” This week we begin with “And these are the generations of Isaac, the son of Abraham; Abraham begot Isaac.” Note the subtle difference between the two verses. Why was it necessary to add the last, seemingly redundant phrase, “Abraham begot Isaac?” This addition must be of significance when you consider the myriad of commentaries on the subject. The explanations for the repetitive language range from the simple - the added phrase is to reinforce the fact that Isaac is the son and rightful heir of Abraham - to the mystical - the relationship between love and kindness (attributes of Abraham) versus fear and strictness (attributes of Isaac).
“And Isaac pleaded with the Lord on behalf of his wife because she was barren; and the Lord responded to his plea and his wife Rebecca conceived.” Once again we find another patriarch with a wife who cannot conceive. Of the four Matriarchs, only Leah had no problem bearing children. Note that Isaac prayed for his wife to conceive, not that he should have a son. Jews pray for others. They pray for the community. They do not pray for their own selfish ends.
Rebecca is having a difficult pregnancy and goes to a soothsayer to find out why. The following response is critical if we are to understand the last part of the Sedrah. “…and the Lord answered her. Two nations are in your womb, Two separate peoples shall issue from your body; One shall be mightier than the other, And the older shall serve the younger.” In other words, Rebecca knew while she was pregnant that she would give birth to twins and that the second born would supplant the first born. Yet she never told Isaac. We can only speculate as to why she kept this important bit of news to herself.
Esau and Jacob are born. One is the hunter, the adventurer, the favorite of his father. The other is a man of the tents, gentle, the favorite of his mother. One can almost taste the rising family tensions.
“Thus did Esau spurn the birthright.” These are the concluding words of the famous tale where the “famished” Esau sells the birthright to Jacob for a bowl of what is variously called red soup or lentil stew.
In the story Esau is portrayed as a person controlled by his appetites who does not know the real value of things. After all, once his belly has been filled and he has avoided death by starvation, he does not try to regain the birthright. He does not complain that he has been swindled. “…He ate and drank and he rose and went away.” You can almost hear the belch from his bloated gut. From the text we can see that Jacob knows the value of the birthright. The commentators defend Jacob’s action by saying that not only did he know the value of the birthright, he knew that Esau did not value the birthright and that it would have been dangerous to leave so valuable a thing with such an unworthy person.
A Summary of Isaac’s Life As An Adult
(26:1-35)
Both literally
and figuratively, Isaac follows in his father’s footsteps. He travels across the southern portion of
First, “…so that all the nations of the earth shall bless themselves by your heirs.” Commentators interpret this to mean that there is a positive correlation between the well-being of the Israelites and the well-being of the rest of the world. Second, God tells Isaac that he is renewing the Covenant “Because Abraham obeyed My voice, and observed …My commandments, My laws and My teachings.” In other words, the son enjoys the fruits of his father’s virtue.
Isaac’s Blessing of Jacob and Esau
(27:1-28-28:9)
The story of the Blessing is pretty straightforward so there is no need to repeat it here. A literal reading of the text shows Rebecca, Isaac’s loving wife, devising and directing a scheme that exploits his weakness to ensure Jacob being the blessed son. Jacob is portrayed as a reluctant participant. When Jacob expresses his fear of being caught (he does not object on grounds that deceiving his blind father is wrong), Rebecca tells him not to worry. If there is a curse it will be upon her not him (27:13). The only justification for her behavior is that she is fulfilling the earlier prophecy, “One people shall be mightier than the other and the older shall serve the younger” (25:23). Why she didn’t tell Isaac instead of deceiving him is a question for later discussion.
Speaking of questions, was Isaac really deceived by Rebecca’s elaborate ruse? There is some evidence to think that he was not. First, when Isaac realizes that he has been tricked, he tells Esau that there is nothing he can do to undo the blessing of Jacob. Is Isaac saying that a criminal is entitled to gain from his illegal activity? This flies in the face of all concepts of morality and justice. And we already know from the Sodom story that justice is a value of paramount importance. Furthermore, the next time Isaac and Jacob meet, Isaac does not castigate him. As Isaac sends Jacob to Paddan-aram, he blesses him in words that echo the Covenant (28:4). This is hardly the behavior of an angry father who feels that his wife and son have fooled him. Some commentators contend that Isaac knew Esau was unworthy but could not bring himself to disinherit his favorite son. So he took the easy way out and allowed himself to be deceived. At the end of the Sedrah, Rebecca hears that Esau has promised to kill Jacob. Fearing the worst, Rebecca decides that it is time for Jacob to leave home. Once again she does not tell Isaac the truth. She resorts to another ruse. She tells Isaac that she does not want Jacob marrying a local woman. And in the end we see Jacob on his way to Laban’s house. Unbeknown to Rebecca, this is the last time she will see her Jacob, her favorite son.
Themes
Isaac
Many feel that Isaac is one of the most significant yet underrated characters in the Bible. At the spiritual level, there can be no question of his worthiness. God chose to repeat the Covenant with Isaac. And there can be no greater level of approval than that which comes from Him. At the temporal level, Isaac is also a worthy figure. Without him, Judaism would have died. If he had not followed in Abraham’s footsteps, Abraham’s discovery or rediscovery of God would have made no difference. Nobody would have ever known about it. As Rabbi Steinsaltz points out, “all beginnings are difficult, but continuation can be even more difficult.” Not only did Isaac learn from Abraham, but he also transmitted that knowledge to Jacob. What would have happened if there had been no Isaac? Consider the fate of Alexander the Great’s empire. He conquered the world, but had no heir. His empire crumbled as soon as he drew his last breath. Without an heir, without an Isaac, there is no tomorrow.
Isaac appears to be a man who was “blind” in more than one way. He was blind to the deficits of his favorite son, Esau. He was blind to the virtues of Jacob. Some say his blindness forced his wife to acts of deception. Regardless of his shortcomings, Isaac was the man who stayed the course. The former head of General Motors said that the first key to success was just to show up every day. If you are not there, you cannot make anything happen. Isaac was the epitome of the man who was always there, always doing what needed being done. Those who decry the impermanence of our modern world might just be able to learn a thing or two from steady Isaac.
Rebecca
Last week we saw her as a beautiful young woman, hospitable, decisive and morally resolute. We left her as the loving bride of Isaac, providing him with emotional and spiritual sustenance in the wake of his mother’s death. This week she is the mother capable of loving only one of her sons. She apparently is incapable of communicating directly with her husband on issues of major importance. Some say she loved Isaac too much to tell him things he could not handle. Others say that she was in fact Laban’s sister and that trickery was in her nature. Regardless, she chose to deceive her husband not once but twice. Then wherein lies her greatness? First, let’s remember all of the virtues listed above. Secondly, whatever ruses she may have employed did not hurt Isaac nor did they enrich her. Rather, they brought to fruition the words of God she had heard during her pregnancy. Rebecca heard the voice of God and she did her best to obey it. In the end she paid a price for her shortcomings. One can imagine how Esau must have felt about her once he knew how she schemed to get Isaac’s blessing for Jacob. And one can only imagine how sad she was to have spent the rest of her life without ever seeing her favorite child again.
Esau
Traditional commentators have come to demonize Esau, connecting all kinds of evil behavior to Isaac’s first born. This almost smacks of rationalization in an attempt to justify the questionable methods under which Jacob acquired the Birthright and the Blessing. Yes, Esau was a man of passion. He was a physical person. In selling the Birthright for a bowl of soup, he showed himself to be a man with limited values. However he was not bad person. He loved his father and his father loved him. When his father wanted special food to eat, Esau did not hesitate. He grabbed his gear and headed out immediately to meet his father’s request. Later, we can see in his decision to marry one of Ishmael’s daughters a desire for parental approval. Yes, he did threaten to kill his brother. But we will see in a later Sedrah that Esau would forgive Jacob. When they meet as adults, Esau greets Jacob with a warm embrace and gifts galore. Whatever his shortcoming, Esau was every bit as much a Jew as Jacob was. To some, Esau is a paradigm for the Fifth Son. As such, they would say, our challenge is to draw the “Esaus” of the world back into the Jewish family; to harness their physical appetites with spiritual concepts and values.
Two Pivotal Quotes
“…and Esau spurned the birthright” (25:34) is the traditional translation for the last phrase in the tale of Esau swapping the birthright for a bowl of red liquid. But the Hebrew word used here is “baz” which means to despise or to scorn. So the phrase really should read “…and Esau despised the birthright.” It was not just that Esau had no use for the birthright, he held it in contempt. With this quote, the author is letting us know that Esau would not have continued the covenant because he could not have continued the covenant. It is this quote that, at a human level, makes the sedrah comprehensible. Esau was not rejected. Esau did the rejecting.
“When Esau
heard his father’s words, he burst into wild and bitter sobbing.…” (27:34) is
Esau’s pained response when he finds out that Jacob has stolen the blessing
from him. This quote has given rise to a
commentary that I find appalling because it gives aid and comfort to those who
later harmed us. “Years later, our
people will have to shed tears for what the descendants of Esau (the Edomites
who helped destroy the First Temple and the Romans who destroyed the Second
Temple) did to them, as retribution for the day Jacob made Esau cry.” To say that the Jews are responsible for the
destruction of the Temples and the Exile because of moral shortcomings is one
thing. To imply that our enemies are
justified in what they are doing because we harmed their ancestor is quite
another. This leads to another point. This whole business of equating Esau with
Esau and Jacob Today
Just in case you need an extra reason for studying this, just pick up a copy of Faye Kellerman’s thriller, Stone Kiss. In the midst of this snappy little murder mystery, starting on page 130, you will find the whole tale of Esau and Jacob complete with Rabbinic commentary. In fact, one of the themes the story could be said to revolve around is the different facets of human nature represented by these two brothers.
Family
One of the constant themes in Jewish thought is the importance of the Jewish family. So what kind of family is this that we have seen in Toldot? It certainly is a Jewish family. But is it a family worth bragging about? Is it a dysfunctional family from which we can learn all kinds of lessons about the importance of open communication between parents and the pitfalls of parental favoritism? Or is it merely a family like many families - a mixture of dysfunctionality and love showing us the depths and heights of human behavior? Since learning begins with questions, I will leave it to you to supply your own answers.
“The first one emerged red” (25:25)
Esau’s complexion was red. Red is a sign of bloodshed. Esau’s propensity for shedding blood became part of Jewish tradition. Esau’s ruddy complexion would become a problem for Samuel and David. King David was also ruddy. Samuel was fearful that he would be like Esau, an indiscriminate shedder of blood. According to a Rabbinic tale, God assured Samuel that David would not become an indiscriminate taker of life. With all due respect, David’s behavior is not always consistent with one who avoids the shedding of blood.
“You shall not … place a Stumbling Block
before the Blind” (Lev.19:14)
The trickery of Rachel and Jacob certainly would appear to fall afoul of this commandment. Beyond the plain statement of the text, the interpretation has been expanded to mean that you should not take advantage of somebody who is ignorant or lacking in relevant information, i.e., intellectually blind. Maybe this should remind us that even patriarchs and matriarchs need laws and need to be bound by those laws.
“I do not know the day of my death”
(Gen.27:2)”
These words uttered by Isaac at the outset of this week’s portion gave rise to the following story. A famous sage was seriously injured when he fell from his ladder. Some of the local hooligans who were offended by the sage’s learning and piety thought that he would die and began drinking with joy. When word reached the sage, who was by now recovered, he said, “I do not know the day of my death, but not only will they not drink wine, they will not even drink water.” The sage proved to be a prophet. He passed away on Tisha B’Av when Jews cannot eat or drink, not even water. (Based on the teachings of Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin, of blessed memory)
“And Esau said…let me swallow from this red stuff…And he ate, and drank
and departed; and Esau despised the birthright” (Gen.26: 30; 34)
A group of young scholars stopped at tavern in a town in which they were strangers. When they asked for a meal, the innkeeper told them that he had no dairy food. But he could fix them a fine meat meal. Immediately, the young scholars began to bombard their hosts with ever more detailed questions about the preparation of the meat meal. What kind of animal was it? Who was the schochet? How sharp was the knife? What kind of pots would be used? There was another guest who was eating his meal. He could not help but overhear the torrent of questions with which these self-important scholars were bombarding the simple innkeeper. He called out to them, “My how impressive you are. You show so much care about the preparation of what goes into your mouth. But, do you show even half as much care in thinking about what comes out of your mouths?” (Based on the teachings of Rabbi Shlomo Yosef Zevin, of blessed memory)
An
Etiological Explanation
Professor James Kugel suggests that the stories about the
conflict between Esau and Jacob may have been used to explain the relations between the Edomites and the Israelites that
existed from the time the Israelites were preparing to enter Canaan through the
early days of the Davidic Monarchy. Part
of the clue comes from the fact that the two brothers are described as the
progenitors of these two nations.
Weeping
According to Meir Shalev, this week’s Torah portion contains the second weeping in the Bible. The first person to weep was Hagar, who when she had been cast out by Sarah and thought that she and Ishmael were going to die “sat opposite him...lifted up her voice and wept.” Esau is the second person to weep. When Esau came in from the fields and discovered that Isaac had given the blessing to Jacob, “he burst into wild and bitter sobbing” (27:34). A few verses down, when Esau said to his father, “Have you but one blessing, Father? Bless me too!” his entreaties were followed by the simple statement “And Esau wept aloud.” (27:38). If you envision Esau as a big, athletic fellow, you have to be moved at seeing him reduced to tears. This is not the last time that Esau would weep. When he and Jacob are reunited twenty years later the text says, “Esau ran to greet him. He embraced him…he kissed him; and they wept.” (33:4). When Esau was denied the birthright he wept alone. When he was reunited with his brother and they had both made peace with the realities of their lives, they could weep together.
Merit Beats Birth Order
Primogeniture, the system by which the first born inherits the mantle of leadership must have been the norm of the society at the time of the Patriarchs. Otherwise the story of Esau and Jacob would not have been necessary to explain the ascendency of the younger son. Actually, based on Biblical evidence, merit trumped birth order over and over again. Isaac, not first-born Ishmael, inherited Abraham’s mantle of leadership. Ruben, the first born of Jacob, was supplanted by Judah because of the latter’s courageous behavior in dealing with Joseph when it appeared that Benjamin would become a prisoner. Moses was the youngest child of Amram and Tziporah. David was the youngest son of Jesse and Solomon was not David’s first-born. Jacob is painted as the conman who cheated his brother and lied to his father to gain the birthright. But maybe he deserves credit for realizing that his brother was not the man to lead the people and supplanted him for the sake of future generations. For those who know the history of Europe and its dynastic wars, it is to Jacob’s credit that he found a bloodless way to supplant his brother.
Haftarah
1:1-2:27 Malachi
The Man: We really do not know much about this prophet
at all. Malachi is probably not his
name. Rather it is Hebrew for “my
messenger.” It may be a pseudonym
stemming from the third Hebrew word in the first sentence of the third chapter
where we find the words of God, “Behold, I send My messenger (Malachi) and he
shall clear the way before Me.”
According to some traditions, the author of this short (3 chapters) book
was Ezra or Mordecai. Along with Haggai
and Zechariah, Malachi is one of the three post-exilic prophets. In fact Malachi is the last of all of the
prophets. He is thought to have lived
sometime between 500 B.C.E and 450 B.C.E.
By this time the Second Temple had been completed but the Jewish
homeland was merely a province of the Persian Empire called Judeah. Malachi preached at a time when spirituality
and morality were at a low ebb. The
reality of the reconstruction of the Temple had not lived up to the
expectations of redemption and a great reawakening. In fact, from a historic and spiritual point
of view, Malachi actually was setting the stage for the reforms instituted by
Ezra and Nehemiah. According to
traditional commentators, after Malachi, God did not “select” individuals
commanding them to speak in his name.
Going forward, leaders such as the Scribes and Rabbis would speak and
teach in the name of God based on the literary traditions of the Jewish
people. Malachi represents a return to
the beginning of the prophetic messages.
Some of the early, non-literary prophets were concerned about the ritual
of sacrifice. Take Elijah on
The Message: At this time, the Jews are apparently questioning God’s love for them. The reading opens with the line, “I have loved you, saith the Lord, Yet ye say: Wherein hast thou loved us?” (1:2). The prophet contends that God has loved the Israelites while they have shown contempt for Him. He has offered them His best while they have brought deformed animals for sacrifice. The Kohanim have not lived up to their role as ritual or spiritual leaders. For Malachi, the Temple service is important because it is a manifestation of a covenant that included “teaching truth,” and walking with God “in peace and fairness.” The prophet reminds the leaders that they are role models. Their dereliction of their ritual responsibilities is indicative of their failure as shapers of the nation’s moral behavior. For the people to rise, the leaders must lead. Leaders cannot wait for the people to tell them what to do. With the title and the tithes comes responsibility. Although Malachi’s writings encompass only three chapters, he provides two of the Haftarot. The prophetic portion read on Shabbat Hagadol, the Shabbat before Pesach comes from the third chapter of Malachi. He is an optimist who believes that in the end, all wrongs will be set right. The Israelites and the world will know the word of God. Malachi’s style is rather unique. For much of his text he avoids the common exhortation or poetry and uses an approach akin to the Socratic Method.
Theme link: The Torah portion shows God choosing Jacob over Esau even while the two brothers are in the womb. At the outset of the Haftarah, the prophet reminds the Jews that God has chosen Jacob over Esau and that this choice is proof of His love for His Chosen People.
A Message for the 21st Century: As we read the words of Malachi this Shabbat, the news is filled with stories about the value of employees in the modern economy. Are they valued assets or a nagging expense to be dispensed with as soon as it is possible? The Torah is full of laws concerning the treatment of workers including the commandments to pay workers fairly and in a timely manner. How important are these laws? When Malachi describes the coming of the Moshiach he declares that (3:5) “I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness…against those that oppress the hireling in his wages…” Some of those who like to invoke the Bible and the name of the Divine when declaring their positions seem to be unaware that the behavior that will earn condemnation in the Final Days is the very behavior they choose to adopt in their business practices.
Readings for
Rosh Chodesh Kislev I, Monday, December 1, 2024
This year Rosh Chodesh Kislev is celebrated on two days - 30th of Cheshvan (December 1) and 1st of Kislev (December 2)
Rosh Chodesh Kislev
28:1-15 Bamidbar (Numbers)
This is the
standard reading for each Rosh Chodesh.
Rosh Chodesh is the name of the minor holiday that marks the start of
each month. The term Rosh Chodesh is
translated as New Moon. The first day of
the month is referred to as Rosh Chodesh because the months are lunar and the
first day of each month comes with the start of the new moon. In the days of the
Kislev is the third month of the year counting
from Rosh Hashanah and the ninth month counting from Pesach. Kislev is most famous for the Chanukah
celebration which starts on the 25th day of the month. Kislev is part of the rainy season. In Biblical times, if the winter rains had
not begun to fall by Rosh Chodesh Kislev, the people expected draught for the following
spring. Since the ancients believed that
there was a connection between climate and morality, this lack of rain by
Kislev set off special fast days and additional sacrifices in the Temple. As recorded in the tenth chapter of the Book
of Ezra, Kislev, “the ninth month” was indeed the rainy month. “9 Then all the men of Judah and
Benjamin gathered themselves together unto Jerusalem within the three days; it
was the ninth month, on the twentieth day of the month; and all the people sat
in the broad place before the house of God, trembling because of this matter,
and for the great rain. 10 And
Ezra the priest stood up, and said unto them: 'Ye have broken faith, and have married
foreign women, to increase the guilt of
The 19th day of Kislev is celebrated as the "the New Year of Chassidus (Hasidism)." “It was on this date, in the year 1798 that the founder of Chabad Chassidism, Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi (1745 - 1812), was freed from his imprisonment in czarist Russia. More than a personal liberation, this was a watershed event in the history of Chassidism, heralding a new era in the revelation of the ‘inner soul’ of Torah. The public dissemination of the teachings of Chassidism had in fact begun two generations earlier. The founder of the chassidic movement, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov (1698 - 1760), revealed to his disciples gleanings from the mystical soul of Torah which had previously been the sole province of select kabbalists in each generation. This work was continued by the Baal Shem Tov’s disciple, Rabbi DovBer, the ‘Maggid of Mezeritch’ - who is also deeply connected with the date of ‘19 Kislev’: on this day in 1772, 26 years before Rabbi Schneur Zalman’s release from prison, the Maggid returned his soul to his Maker. Before his passing, he said to his disciple, Rabbi Schneur Zalman: ‘This day is our yom tov (festival).’ Rabbi Schneur Zalman went much farther than his predecessors, bringing these teachings to broader segments of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe. More significantly, Rabbi Schneur Zalman founded the ‘Chabad’ approach - a philosophy and system of study, meditation, and character refinement that made these abstract concepts rationally comprehensible and practically applicable in daily life. In its formative years, the chassidic movement was the object of strong, and often venomous, opposition from establishment rabbis and laymen. Even within the chassidic community, a number of Rabbi Schneur Zalman’s contemporaries and colleagues felt that he had ‘gone too far’ in tangibilizing and popularizing the hitherto hidden soul of Torah. In the fall of 1798, Rabbi Schneur Zalman was arrested on charges that his teachings and activities threatened the imperial authority of the czar, and was imprisoned in an island fortress in the Neva River in Petersburg. In his interrogations, he was compelled to present to the czar’s ministers the basic tenets of Judaism and explain various points of chassidic philosophy and practice. After 53 days, he was exonerated of all charges and released. Rabbi Schneur Zalman saw these events as a reflection of what was transpiring Above. He regarded his arrest as but the earthly echo of a Heavenly indictment against his revelation of the most intimate secrets of the Torah. And he saw his release as signifying his vindication in the Heavenly court. Following his liberation on 19 Kislev, he redoubled his efforts, disseminating his teachings on a far broader scale, and with more detailed and ‘down-to-earth’ explanations, than before. The nineteenth of Kislev therefore marks the ‘birth’ of Chassidism: the point at which it was allowed to emerge from the womb of ‘mysticism’ into the light of day, to grow and develop as an integral part of Torah and Jewish life.”
Modern Day Kislev Miracle
In modern time, some would consider the passage of UN Resolution 181 on November 29, 1947 (16th of Kislev, 5708) as the biggest Kislev miracle since Judah beat the Syrians. This was the resolution that portioned the British Mandate of Palestine and created the Jewish state that is modern day Israel. Considering the power and wealth of those opposed to the Jewish state, it was indeed a miracle that the vote went as it did. One of the driving forces behind the vote was President Harry S. Truman who decided the United States would support the Jewish state because it was the right thing to do.
Readings for Rosh Chodesh Kislev II, Tuesday, December 2, 2024
Rosh Chodesh Kislev
28:1-15 Bamidbar (Numbers)
The readings and the rituals are identical to Rosh Chodesh Kislev I
Kislev Commemorations
6th of Kislev: Steven Spielberg’s “Close Encounters of a Third Kind” premiered.
7th of Kislev: King Jehoiakim burned the scroll which had been dictated by the prophet Jeremiah to Barcuh ben Heriah.
7th of Kislev: The Western Allies and the Germans signed an Armistice that signified the official end of World War I with an Allied victory.
17th of Kislev: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor.
20th of Kislev: Ezra called together all the men of Judah and Benjamin and told them that they would have to give up their foreign born wives. This was part of an attempt by the returning exiles to purify and strengthen the House of Israel even though some might say that it altered the definition of “who was a Jew” as can be seen by the Book of Ruth which was written to portray a different point of view.
21st of Kislev: According to the Talmud, Simeon the Just destroyed the Samaritan Temple at Mount Gerizim. The Samaritans had undermined the efforts during the post-exilic period and this move was as much about establishing political sovereignty as it was about wiping out a “high place” intended to compete with Jerusalem. The victory was marked by a minor festival called Mt. Gerizim Day.
24th
of Kislev: Completion of the foundation
of the Second Temple.
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